Oliveira et al. (2025 in press) "assessed the effects of intramammary infections [IMI] on mammary gland development in pregnant dairy heifers during late gestation." A quarter was challenged with Staphylococcus aureus, and the contralateral quarter was infused with saline. "Overall, the results of this study indicate that IMI induces tissue damage in mammary glands of pregnant heifers, with a greater effect during late gestation, and that the IMI-induced changes in tissue architecture were not consistent across all tissue mammary gland regions or gestational ages."